How do you study tiny 200-million-year-old fossilised dinosaur embryo bones, at a resolution of .006 millimetres? Scan them in a synchrotron under high-energy X-rays generated by a kilometre-wide ring of electrons travelling at .99% of the speed of light.
One of the 10 fossilised dinosaur eggs discovered by James Kitching in 1976, after being prepared by Diane Scott, one of the world’s greatest fossil preparators. (Photo supplied)
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Jonah Choiniere, University of the Witwatersrand
In the winter of 1976, the world famous fossil collector James Kitching was doing a survey near South Africa’s border with Lesotho. Along the side of the road in a place known as Rooidraai, he found something remarkable: a tiny clutch of six fossilised eggs.
It took five years for skilled palaentologists to remove enough rock matrix from the eggs so that they could be preliminarily identified as the first dinosaur embryos from South Africa and the oldest dinosaur embryos in the world.
Research on dinosaurs has blossomed in the 40 years since Kitching’s extraordinary find and a great deal more is now known about the baby dinosaurs in the eggs. But the exceptional secrets they hold are only now being fully uncovered because of developments in technology. This month the eggs were flown to Grenoble, a city at the foot of the French Alps, where they are being examined under a powerful CT scan at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
The secrets of the embryonic dinosaurs whose parents roamed South Africa 200-million years ago will soon be uncovered.
These high-resolution, 3D X-ray imaging methods are burgeoning in palaeontology. With advances in modern imaging methods we are now able to digitally remove rock matrix while making 3D models of the bones inside.
Side view of a 3D model of a juvenile Massospondylus produced from CT scans. (Photo: Kimi Chapelle, MSc candidate)
First study of the embryos
Things take time in palaeontology. The eggs found by Kitching in 1976 weren’t heard of again until a quarter of a century later.
Around the turn of the millennium a collaborative international team, led by renowned palaeontologist Dr Mike Raath, in partnership with researchers from the University of Toronto and the Smithsonian Institution, began to study the embryos in much greater detail. Diane Scott, one of the world’s greatest fossil preparators, painstakingly removed as much rock as possible from the clutch of eggs to expose the embryos for study.
A second group went back to Rooidraai and excavated the site where Kitching had discovered the eggs.
The results of the new studies were striking. The findings of the additional preparation, published in 2005, revealed two nearly complete embryonic skeletons of the dinosaur Massospondylus, a five-metre-long herbivore that roamed South Africa in the Early Jurassic Period. Unlike adult Massospondylus, which had small heads and walked on two legs, the embryos had big heads and when they hatched would have walked on four legs.
The second team also unearthed remarkable new findings. The excavations, published in 2012, found 10 additional egg clutches, some with up to 34 eggs, scattered across the low cliff-face at Rooidraai. This was clear evidence that 200-million years ago, Massospondylus were returning year after year to nest in the Eastern Free State.
Rooidraai in 1976, site of Kitching’s famous dinosaur egg discovery. The numeral ‘2’ marks the site of the nest. (Photo supplied)
So what remains to learn about the Massospondylus embryos after nearly 40 years of study? Although Diane Scott’s masterful preparation exposed many anatomical features of the tiny skeletons inside the eggs, there was a limit to even her abilities and many features remain buried beneath rock.
Learning more from the finds has been difficult for a number of other reasons.
- The eggs are extremely small. The femur, or thigh bone, is only 1.4mm in diameter.
- Understanding the anatomy of the embryonic bones has been made more difficult because we have never been able to move them in 3D. They are forever affixed to the stone.
- Figuring out the details of how baby Massospondylus grew requires peering inside the bones themselves, but doing this with histological techniques would require destroying these beautiful specimens.
CT scans to the rescue
The solution to all of these problems lies in CT scanning the specimen. The X-ray resolution needed to study the embryos is so high (six microns, or .006mm) that only a few facilities in the world can perform the study.
In late 2014, a team of us put together a winning proposal to scan the eggs at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. At the facility, a huge ring of electrons (almost a kilometre in circumference) travelling at .99% of the speed of light continuously generates beams of high-energy X-rays. These beams can be harnessed with great precision to peer through rocks and image the fossils inside.
The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. (Photo: Jonah Choiniere)
A few weeks ago we travelled to Grenoble to start the first stages of data collection. Carefully packing the original clutch of six eggs in a custom-made cushioned travel box, we negotiated curious customs officers and surprisingly indifferent airline officials to spend seven days of round-the-clock work obtaining thousands of individual X-ray scans.
Processing this vast amount of data (more than 1 000 GB) will take months of work at University of the Witwatersrand’s state-of-the-art Virtual Palaeontology Lab in Johannesburg. But our preliminary results show great promise. Hatched 200-million years ago, studied for over 40 years across several continents, Kitching’s famous discoveries are still yielding scientific rewards.
Jonah Choiniere is Senior Researcher in Dinosaur Palaentology at University of the Witwatersrand.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
